What does the term "draft" refer to in marine terminology?

The term "draft" in marine terminology specifically refers to the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull. This measurement is crucial because it indicates how deep the vessel sits in the water, which can affect stability, maneuverability, and the ability to navigate safely in various water conditions. A ship's draft is a vital consideration during loading, port calls, and while determining if the vessel can transit through shallow waters or under bridges. Understanding the draft also helps in maintaining the balance and trim of the ship, ensuring it is loaded within safe limits.

The other options describe related but distinct concepts in maritime terminology. The angle of the ship relative to the water surface refers to the vessel's trim and heel, which is the tilt or lean of the boat, not explicitly its draft. The length of the ship from bow to stern pertains to the overall dimensions but does not indicate how deeply it sits in the water. Lastly, the total weight of the ship when fully loaded relates to its displacement but is a different measurement than draft itself. Understanding these distinctions is crucial in maritime operations and ship management.